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Ramba, a site located in a plain land but in the middle of hilly area beside the river Suvarnarekha in Suvarnarekha-Burahabanga complex. The entire drainage system runs over a peneplain surface that was developed due to the lava flow. The complex is name for the occurrences of tools and materials of pre and proto historic culture have been collected in a greater number beside both the rivers. Different types of bifaces and cleavers were found from this site. Detail of the tools and their making technologies are analysis. Though, any postulation would be vague based on the surface collections, but location of the site among the other prehistoric sites and absent of early historic even late medieval materials somehow let us postulate that collected materials must be placed with the bracket of prehistoric period.

Keywords: Ramba, Suvarnarekha, Burahabanga, Bifaces. Cleavers, Flake tools.

A bead manufacturing area was found in the north-western area of the village of Mahurjhari, probably belonging to the Vakataka period. This assemblage was with all the stages of bead specimens from heating, primary chipping till the polishing. A variety of shapes are reported from the material along with, diversity in locally available crypto-crystalline stone raw material. Beads were for the purpose of ornamentation for humans and animals, also various belief systems associated with wearing stones was a part of their cognition. Bead making was one of the main occupations for the people of Mahurjhari and presence of foreign raw material at the site suggested that trade was also happening.

Keywords: Megaliths, bead, raw material

The paper focuses on exploration of“Gurhtahisil” situated in Rewa district in the state of Madhya Pradesh (India). During our exploration our team made new discoveries related art objects belongs Kalachuri of Baghelkhand. The present reserah work is basically based on field-survey and also gathers materials like quantitative approach of earlier archeology reports gathered from local history department and also deals with documentation of artifacts & architectural building newly discovered around this site. During our exploration we have discovered & documented large numbers of artefacts like massive boulder of sandstone quarry containing wedge marks, broken pieces of sculptures, sculpture of Aspra and Nagrihapanels. Here we also discovered one massive size idol Ganeshawhich is two kilometer away known massive idol of a Siva which is locally called as Bheerav. Today this site known for ruins of Siva temples, around it’s our team made here new discovery related to Kalachuri art remains.

Keywords: Archaeology, Exploration, Material remains, Antiquity, Artefacts, geo-coordinate

In this study, we studied the importance and characteristics features of Neolithic culture in the Kashmir valley. It is also evident from archaeological studies done that the Paleolithic culture in Kashmir was followed by the more advanced culture i.e. Neolithic Culture in which the stone tools and other implements were made more skillfully by using new techniques along with the process of polishing. The term Neolithic is the combination of two Latin words Neo plus Lithic, Neo means “New” and Lithic means “Stone” this term “Neolithic” is also known as “New Stone Age” in which the culture transmits from hunting-gathering to a production economy. Neolithic culture in Kashmir valley is contemporary to Harappan Civilization. It has already been established that the first settled life in Kashmir can be traced back around 3000 BC during the time of Neolithic culture. Various archaeological remains suggest that the peoples of Kashmir Neolithic lived in pit dwellings to protect themselves from the cold and warm weather of the valley. About forty-three Neolithic sites are reported so far in Kashmir valley but only four of them are excavated systematically by the Archaeological Survey of India and some archaeologists. These sites are Gufral, Burzahom, Semthan and Kanispur. A large number of Kashmir Neolithic cultural remains were collected during these excavations such as tools, potteries, shell objects, bones objects, metal objects, living structures, stone objects, and terracotta objects. It suggested a sign of great cultural development during that time. However, we also see the Harappan Cultural material features in Kashmir Neolithic cultural materials which indicate the trade relationship between Kashmir Neolithic and the world’s one of the oldest civilizations i.e. Harappan Civilization. The Harappan Site Manda at Akhnoor in the Jammu district on the right bank of the Chenab River plays an important role in the trade connections between Kashmir Neolithic and Harappan civilizations. This paper is aimed to study various cultural aspects, the development of the Kashmir Neolithic, their trade contacts with other civilizations, and how a well developed Kashmir Neolithic culture turns into ruins.

Keywords: Neolithic Culture, Kashmir valley, Harappan Culture, Hunting-Gathering

Nalanda was certainly one of such glorious spots from which the light emitted and not only India but the neighbouring countries were also illuminated. The history of the place remained shrouded with mystery for long and despite untiring efforts made during a century and half, several layers remain concealed. There has been still a need for a comprehensive work on various aspects of Nalanda. The explorations done previously by the pioneers in the field such as Buchanan (1839), Kittoe, Cunningham (1871, 73, 80, 82 and 83) and Broadley (1872) are extremely important for the purpose. After 1947 there have been certain very useful explorations in the region. Now the settlement history of the area goes back earlier than the times of Buddha Findings from the excavations at Juafardeeh (2006-07) and at Ghorakatora (2008-09) and recovery of a few Palaeolithic tools and Microliths from Ban Ganga Valley, Rajgir compelled us to reconsider about the antiquity and settlement history of Nalanda.

Keywords: Historicity, Etemology, Geographical scenario, Settelment history, Chalcolithic, NBPW

A rare beautiful landscape located in the Western side and a bounty evergreen forest covered in the South - Eastern part of the Village, bounded by two main Rivers joined together known as Rithi, stretches down the River Lanye. One river flows down from West side commonly known as Riwa/Zhienhu/Take/Zile Keri. The other river from South-East called Menda Keri. One can have relief view of the Village from the opposite direction for those of the nature lovers. It is a breath taking relief while travelling through Phek District or off to the State Capital, Kohima where you can see almost the whole Village and one of the most beautiful terrace fields ever came across in the region, covered both left and right and down the Village.

The Village is located somewhere between the State Capital, Kohima and District Head Quarter; Phek (Chakhesang), covers 84 kms and 61 kms respectively which cut through the State Highway and ongoing NH – 155, 2-Lane. Geographically the Village settlement is situated within the zone of 25º 34’ 29.41” - 25º 34’ 58.49” North latitudes and 94º 20’ 25.63” - 94º 20’ 36.10” East Longitudes and 1667 meters approximately above the mean sea level altitudes.

Nagaland has been a self-sufficient, self-sustaining region all throughout history. When we talk about the transformation that occurs in the socio-economic sector, we are basically dealing with the term modernization where people are striving to attain a better standard of living and all the modern means that a person possesses to have a better and more efficient way of livelihood. In the above context of the economic developmental scenario, Nagaland is still in a progressive stage which has seen a facelift with the attainment of Statehood in 1963 and the rural development department becoming a full fledge directorate in 1978-79 which gave birth to Village Development Boards. In Nagaland, economic development has undergone various phases, changes and challenges since the attainment of its Statehood with different policies, programmes and planning be it in the educational, infrastructural or agricultural sectors. Thus, this paper tries to bring out the economic development in rural Nagaland through the Village Development Board’s initiatives and highlights some well-performing Village Development Boards in Nagaland.

Keywords: Nagaland, Village Development Boards, policies, programs, village, grassroot level, agriculture, agri-link road, communitization

Rajasthan has been a centre of human’s activities since prehistoric period, evidenced by the collection of prehistoric tools from all over the parts of the state. This also implies that the area was inhabited by the primitive man for livlihood. In the state, there is evidence of all the three stages of the Palaeolithic, namely, Lower, Middle and Upper. Most of the sites are surface sites and are represented by stone tools only. There are no evidences of animal or plant remains or structures from excavated palaeolithic sites. We have only evidences of stone tools which they manufactured and used and the kind of landscape and climate in which they lived. This article is based upon the collected data on lower palaeolithic culture of the state which indicates that there is more work to be needed in this area from archaeological point of view.

Keywords: Stone Tools, Palaeolithic, Rajasthan, Technology, Evolution.

Pataliputra (Modern Patna) ranks amongst early capital cities of India.The ancient city of Pataliputra has maintained a glorious tradition of being a very important centre of political activities in Northern India. Its past had been more glorious. During last hundreds of years it witnessed many political ups and downs and the pages of its history are full with accounts of many interesting events. The city, passing through many critical periods, even today remains to be the capital of one of the states of Indian Union. It was perhaps here that the famous Indian economist and statesman Chanakya or Kautilya wrote his famous “Arthasastra”, and the great grammarian Panini composed the sutras of his “Asthadhayi”. The excavation conducted at a number of sites in Patna have exposed massive wooden, stone and brick structures belonging to Maurya, Sunga, Kushana and Gupta periods. These include remains of wooden palisade, stone pillared hall, brick walls, drains, stupas and monasteries. These remains are highly significant. Pataliputra is perhaps the only capital city of India from where remains of wooden fortification has come to light. Similarly, it is only site in the plains of Ganga Valley from evidence of the use of stone as building material on large scale has been unearthed. It was also at Pataliputra that the practice of making brick stupas and decorating stupa railings started. Thus, new innovations were made in the field of architecture at Pataliputra.

Keywords: Pataliputra, Kautilya, Arthasastra, Asthadhayi, Megasthenese, Fa-hien, Hiuen-Tsang, Palibothra, Bulandibagh, Didarganj.